健康让生命永远飞扬

IS 8124-1 Safety of Toys Part 1: Mechanical and Physical Properties
Compared with EN-71-1:1998 and ASTM F963-96a

Note: The comparison below is for reference and evaluation of differences only. This document should not be used in place of the original standards and is not guaranteed to be accurate. See last page of this document for information on obtaining the actual standards.

ISO8124-1 (FINAL DRAFT) EN71-1:1998 F963-96a Notes and Comments
SCOPEThe requirements in this part of ISO 8124 apply to all toys, i.e. any product or material designed or clearly intended for use in play by children under 14 years of age. They are applicable to a toy as it is initially received by the consumer and, in addition, they apply after a toy is subjected to reasonably foreseeable conditions of normal use and abuse unless specifically noted otherwise. The requirements of this part of ISO 8124 specify acceptable criteria for structural characteristics of toys, such as shape, size, contour, spacing (e.g. rattles, small parts, sharp points and edges, hinge-line clearances) as well as acceptable criteria for properties peculiar to certain categories of toy (e.g. maximum kinetic energy values for non-resilient-tipped projectiles, minimum tip angles for certain ride-on toys).This part of ISO 8124 specifies requirements and test methods for toys intended for use by children in various age groups from birth to 14 years. The requirements vary according to the age group for which a particular toy is intended. The requirements for a particular age group reflect the nature of the hazards and the expected mental and/or physical abilities of the child to cope with them.This part of ISO 8124 also requires that appropriate warnings and/or instructions for use be given on certain toys or their packaging. Due to linguistic problems that may occur in different countries, the wording of these warnings and instructions is not specified but given as general information in annex C. It should be noted that different legal requirements exist in many countries with regard to such marking.This part of ISO 8124 does not purport to cover or include every conceivable potential hazard of a particular toy or toy category. Except for labeling requirements indicating the functional hazards and the age rang for which the toy is intended, this part of ISO 8124 has no requirements for those characteristics of toys that represent an inherent and recognized hazard that is integral to the function of the toy.NOTE: An example of such a hazard is the sharp point necessary for the proper function of a needle. The needle is a hazard that is well understood by the purchaser of a toy sewing kit, and the functional sharp point hazard is communicated to the user as part of the normal educational process as well as at the point of purchase by means cautionaryAs a further example, a toy scooter has inherent and recognized hazards associated with its use (e.g. instability during use, especially whilst learning). The potential hazards associated with its structural characteristics (sharp edges, pinch hazards, etc.) will be minimized by compliance with the requirements of this part of ISO 8124.Product not included within the scope of this part of ISO 8124 are:a) bicycles, except for those considered to be toys, i. e. those having a maximum saddle height of 435 mm (see E.1);b) slingshotsc) darts with metal points;d) public playground equipment;e) compressed air and gas operated guns and pistols (see E.1);f) kites (except for the electric resistance of their strings, which is included);g) model kits, hobby and craft items in which the finished item is not primarily of play value;h) sporting goods and equipment, camping goods, athletic equipment, musical instruments and furniture; however, toys that are their counterparts are included;i) models of aircraft, rockets, boats and land vehicles powered by combustion engines; however, toys that are their counterparts are included (see E.1); j) collectible product not intended for children under 14 years of age;k) holiday decorations that are primarily intended for ornamental purposes;l) aquatic equipment intended to be used in deep water;m) toys installed in public place (e.g. arcades and shopping centers);n) puzzles having more than 500 pieces or without a picture, for specialists;o) fireworks including percussion caps, except percussion caps specifically designed for toys;p) products containing heating elements intended for use under the supervision of an adult in a teaching context;q) steam engines;r) video toys that can be connected to a video screen and operated at a nominal voltage grater than 24V;s) babies pacifiers (dummies);t) faithful reproduction of firearms;u) electric ovens, irons or other functional products operated at a nominal voltage greater than 24V;v) bows for archery with an overall relaxed length exceeding 120cm;w) fashion jewelry for children (see E.1). SCOPEThis part of EN71 specifies requirements and methods of test for mechanical and physical properties of toys. The standard applies to toys for children, toys being any product or material designed or clearly intended for use in play by children of less than 14 years of age. It refers to new toys taking into account the period of foreseeable and normal use and when the toys are used as intended or in a foreseeable way, bearing in mind the normal behavior of children. It includes specific requirements for toys intended for children under 36 months and for children who are too young to sit unaided. Soft filled toys with simple features intended for holding and cuddling are, for the purposes of this standard, considered as toys intended for children under 36 months. This standard also specifies requirements for packaging, marking and labeling.This standard does not cover musical instruments, sports equipment or similar items but does include their toy counterparts. It does not cover electrical safety aspects of toys. These are covered by EN 50088, Safety of electric toys. Furthermore, it does not cover the following items which are not considered as toys for the purpose of this standard:· C12Christmas decorations (see C.1);· detailed scale models for adult collectors (see C.1);· equipment intended to be used collectively in playgrounds;· sports equipment;· aquatic equipment intended to be used in deep water;· folk dolls and decorative dolls and other similar articles for adult collectors;· “professional” toys installed in public places (shopping centers, stations, etc.);· puzzles with more than 500 pieces or without picture, intended for specialists;· air guns and air pistols (see C.1);· fireworks, including percussion caps except percussion caps specifically designed for toys;· slings and catapults;· sets of darts with metallic points;· electric ovens, irons or other functional products operated at a nominal voltage exceeding 24V;· products containing heating elements intended for use under the supervision of an adult in a teaching context;· vehicles with combustion engines (see C.1);· toy steam engines;· bicycles designed for sport or for travel on the public highway;· video toys that can be connected to a video screen, operated at a nominal voltage exceeding 24V;· babies’ dummies (soothers);· faithful reproductions of real firearms;· fashion jewelry for children (see C.1). In addition, for the purposes of this standard, the following items cannot be considered as toys:· floatation aids such as arm bands (see C.24); · swimming goggles, sunglasses and other eye protectors as well as bicycle and skateboard helmets (see C.18);· items that are propelled into free flight by a child releasing an elastic band (for example airplanes and rockets). These are considered as catapults (see the eleventh indent above);· bows for archery with an overall relaxed length exceeding 120 cm. 1. Scope1.1 This specification 2 relates to possible hazards that may not be recognized readily by the public and that may be encountered in the normal use for which a toy is intended orafter reasonably foreseeable abuse. It does not purport to cover every conceivable hazard of a particular toy. This specificationdoes not cover product performance or quality, except as related to safety. Except for the labeling requirements pointing out the functional hazards and age range for which the toy is intended, this specification has no requirements for thoseaspects of a toy that present an inherent and recognized hazard as part of the function of the toy. Such an example is a sharp point necessary for the function of a needle. The needle is aninherent hazard that is well understood by the purchaser of a toy sewing kit, and this hazard is communicated to the user as part of the normal educational process.1.2 On the other hand, while a riding toy has inherent hazards associated with its use (for example, falling off onto the sidewalk), the possible hazards associated with its construction(sharp edges, exposed mechanisms, etc.) will beminimized by the application of this specification.1.3 This specification covers requirements and contains test methods for toys intended for use by children in age groups through 14 years. Different age limits for various requirements will be found in this specification. These limits reflect the nature of the hazards and expected mental or physical ability, or both, of a child to cope with the hazards.1.4 Articles not covered by this specification are as follows:· Bicycles· Tricycles· Sling shots and sharp-pointed darts· Playground equipment· Non-powder guns· Kites· Hobby and craft items in which the finished item is not primarily of play value· Model kits in which the finished item is not primarily of play value· Crayons, paints, chalks, and other similar art materials in which the material itself or the finished item is not primarily of play value, except that all art materials, whether or not a component of a toy, must comply to LHAMA, in accordance with 4.31.1-4.31.3.· Sporting goods, camping goods, athletic equipment, musical instruments, and furniture; however, toys that are their counterparts are covered. (It is recognized that there is often a fine line between, for example, a musical instrument or a sporting item and its toy counterpart. The intention of the producer or distributor, as well as normal use and reasonably foreseeable abuse, determines whether the item is a toy counterpart.)· Powered models of aircraft, rockets, boats, and land vehicles; however, toys that are their counterparts are covered.1.5 General guidelines for age labeling toys and toy packaging are contained in Annex A1.1.6 Information regarding packaging and shipping is contained in Annex A2. A table to serve as a guide to the requirements contained in this specification, as applicable to various toy categories, is provided in Annex A3.1.7 This consumer safety specification includes the following sections:Title SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Safety Requirements 4Material Quality 4.1Flammability 4.2Toxicology 4.3Electrical/Thermal Energy 4.4Impulsive Noise 4.5Small Objects 4.6Accessible Edges 4.7Accessible Points 4.8Projections 4.9Nails and Fasteners 4.10Wires or Rods 4.11Packaging Film 4.12Cords and Elastics 4.13Wheels, Tires, and Axles 4.14Folding Mechanisms and Hinges 4.15Holes, Clearance, and Accessibility of Mechanisms 4.16Stability and Over-Load Requirements 4.17Confined Spaces 4.18Simulated Protective Devices 4.19Projectile Toys 4.20Rattles 4.21Pacifiers 4.22Squeeze Toys 4.23Teethers and Teething Toys 4.24Toys Intended to be Attached to a Crib or Playpen 4.25Toy Chests 4.26Battery-Operated Toys 4.27Flotation Toys 4.28Stroller and Carriage Toys 4.29Stuffed and Beanbag-Type Toys 4.30Art Materials 4.31Toy Gun Marking 4.32Balloons 4.33Marbles 4.34Balls 4.35Preschool Play Figures 4.36Pompoms 4.37Safety Labeling Requirements 5Instructional Literature 6Producer’s Markings 7Test Methods 8General 8.1Testing for Hazardous Substance Content 8.2Method to Dissolve Soluble Matter 8.3Tests for Cleanliness and Preservative Effectiveness 8.4Normal Use Testing 8.5Abuse Testing 8.6Impact Tests 8.7Torque Tests for Removal of Components 8.8Tension Test for Removal of Components 8.9Compression Test 8.10Tests for Tire Removal and Snap-in Wheeland Axle Assembly Removal 8.11Flexure Test 8.12Test for Mouth-Actuated Toys 8.13Tests for Toy Chest Lids and Closures 8.14Projectiles 8.15Test for Stability of Ride-On Toys 8.16Identification 9Age Grading Guidelines Annex A1Packaging and Shipping Annex A2Requirements Guide by Toy Categories Annex A3Design Guidelines for Toys Attached to Cribsor Playpens Annex A4Flammability Testing Procedure for Toys Annex A5
1.8 The values stated I inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.9 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion, section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: TERMINOLOGY
NOTE: Whenever the term "months" is used in this part of ISO 8124, it denotes that the designated number of months is completed (i.e. 18 months means up to and including 18 full months of age)For the purposes of this part of ISO 8124, the following terms and definitions apply.3.1 accessible(part or component) describing any area of the toy that can be contacted by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe as described in 5.7.3.2 aquatic toyarticle, whether inflatable or not, intended to bear the mass of a child and used as an instrument of play in shallow waterNOTE: Bathroom toys and beach balls are not considered aquatic toys.3.3 ballspherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object designed or intended to be thrown, hit, kicked, rolled, dropped or bouncedNOTE 1: This definition includes balls attached to a toy or article by a string, elastic cord or similar tether and also any multisided object formed by connecting planes into, and any novelty item of, a generally spherical ovoid or ellipsoidal shape designed or intended to be used as ball.NOTE 2: This definition does not include dice or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines, mazes, or similar outer containers. A ball is permanently enclosed if, when tested according to 5.24 (reasonably foreseeable abuse), it is not removed from the outer container.3.4 backingmaterial adhering to flexible plastic sheeting3.5 battery-operated toytoy having at least one function dependent on electricity and powered by batteries3.6 burrroughness caused by not cleanly severing or finishing the material3.7 collapsesudden or unexpected folding of a structure3.8 cordlength of slender, flexible material3.9 crushinginjury to part of the body resulting from compression between two rigid surfaces3.10 discharge mechanisminanimate system for releasing and propelling a projectile3.11 driving mechanismassembly of linked parts or components (e.g. gears, belts, winding mechanisms), at least one of which moves, powered by a source (e.g. electrical or mechanical means) independent of the child3.12 edgeline, formed at the junction of two surfaces, whose length exceeds 2.0mm3.12.1 curled edgeedge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle of less than 90 degrees with the base sheet3.12.2 hemmed edgeedge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is folded back on the sheet itself through an angle of approximately 180 degrees, so that the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is approximately parallel tot he main sheet 3.12.3 rolled edgeedge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle between 90 degrees and 120 degrees with the main sheet3.13 expanding materialmaterial whose volume expands when exposed to water3.14 fastenermechanical device which attaches two or more elements togetherexample: Screws, rivets, staples.3.15 featheringbeveling of an edge (or decrease in thickness moving toward the edge) caused during shearing or cutting of material3.16 flashexcess material that escapes between the mating parts of a molded assembly3.17 folding mechanismhinged, pivoted, folding or sliding assembly that could crush, scissors, pinch or shear during operation example: Toy ironing boards, toy pushchairs3.18 functional toytoy which performs and is used in the same way as, and is often a scale model of, a certain product, appliance or installation intended for adultsexample: Stove with heating properties3.19 fuzzbits of fibrous-type material that can be readily removed from toys with a pile surface3.20 glasshard, brittle, amorphous substance produced by fusion, usually consisting of mutually dissolved silica and silicates that also contain soda and lime3.21 harmphysical injury or damage to the health of people or damage to property or the environment3.22 hazardpotential source of harmNOTE: The term can be qualified in order to define its origin or the nature of the expected harm (I.e. electric shock hazard, crushing hazard, cutting hazard, toxic hazard, drowning hazard).3.23 hazardous projectionprojection that, because of its material or configuration or both, may present a puncture hazard should a child step on or fall onto itNOTE 1: Excluded from this definition are puncture hazards to the eyes and/or mouth, because of the impossibility of eliminating puncture hazards to those areas of the body by product design.NOTE 2: If the projection is on a small toy which topples over when pressure is applied to the end of the projection, it is unlikely to present a hazard.3.24 hazardous sharp edgeaccessible edge of a toy that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during normal use and reasonably foreseeable abuse3.25 hazardous sharp pointaccessible point of a toy that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during normal use or reasonably foreseeable abuse3.26 hinge-line clearancedistance between the stationary portion of a toy and the movable portion along or adjacent to a line projected through the axis of rotation3.27 intended useuse of a product, process or service in accordance with information provided by the supplier.3.28 lap jointjoint in which an edge overlaps a parallel surface but is not necessarily mechanically attached to it at all points along the length3.29 large and bulky toytoy that has a projected base area of more than 0.26m2 or a volume of more than 0.08m3 calculated without regard to minor appendagesNOTE: The base area for toys having permanently attached legs is measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.3.30 marblesphere made of hard material, such as glass, agate, marble or plastic, that is used in various childrens games, generally as a playing piece or marker3.31 metal material comprising elemental metal and/or metal alloys3.32 normal useplay modes that conform to the instructions that accompany the toy, that have been established by tradition or custom, or that are evident from an examination of the toy3.33 packagingmaterial accompanying the toy when purchased, but having no intended play function3.34 papermaterial, marketed as either paper or paperboard, with a maximum areic mass per unit area of 400 g/m2, plastic sheeting or film, thin plastic sheeting when used as part of the toy or as part of the packaging3.35 play furniturefurniture intended for use by a child and intended to, or likely to, support the mass of a child3.36 pompomlengths or strands of fiber, yarns or threads clamped or secured and tied in the center, and brushed up to form a spherical shapeNOTE 1: This definition includes spherical-shaped attachments made of stuffed materialsNOTE 2: Tassels with long strands are not considered pompoms3.37 projectileobject intended to be launched into free flight, or a trajectory, in the air3.38 projectile toy with stored energyprojectile discharged by the energy imparted by a child3.39 projectile toy w/o stored energyprojectile discharged by the energy imparted by a child3.40 protective cap or covercomponent that is attached to a potentially hazardous edge of projection to reduce the risk of injury3.41 pull toytoy that is intended to be pulled along the floor or groundNOTE: Toys intended for children aged 36 months or more are not regarded as pull toys.3.42 reasonably foreseeable abuseuse of a toy under conditions or for purposes not intended by the supplier, but which can happen, induced by the toy in combination with, or as a result of, common behavior in a childExamples: Deliberate disassembly, dropping or using a toy for a purpose for which it was not intended.NOTE: Tests simulating reasonably foreseeable abuse are given in 5.24.3.43 removable componentpart or component which is intended to be removed from the toy without the use of tools3.44 rigidityhardness of material exceeding 70 Shore A scale durometer as measured in accordance with ISO 8683.45 riskcombination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm3.46 simulated protective equipmenttoys designed to mimic products that infer some sort of physical protection to the wearerExamples: Protective helmets, visors.3.47 soft-filled toy/stuffed toytoy, clothed or unclothed, with soft body surfaces and filled with soft materials, allowing compression of the torso readily with the hand3.48 splintersharp pointed fragment3.49 helical springspring in the form of a coil3.49.1 compression springspring which essentially returns to its initial state after compression3.49.2 extension springspring which essentially returns to its initial state after tension3.50 spiral springclockwork-type spring3.51 Teethertoy designed for oral use and intended primarily for symptomatic relief of teething discomfort3.52 toolscrewdriver, coin or other object which may be used to operate s screw, clip or similar fixing device3.53 toyany product or material designed or clearly intended for use in play by children less than 14 years of age3.54 toy bicycletwo-wheeled vehicle, with or without stabilizers, with a maximum saddle height of 435 mm and which is propelled solely by the muscular energy of the child on that vehicle, in particular by means of pedals.3.55 toy chestcontainer with a hinged lid enclosing a volume greater than 0.03m3, specifically designed for storing toys For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions apply.3.1 AccessibleContact under the test conditions of 8.10 (accessibility of a part or component)3.2 aquatic toyarticle, whether inflatable or not, intended to bear the weight of a child and used as an instrument of play in shallow waterNo corresponding section3.3 backingmaterial adhering to flexible plastic sheetingno corresponding section3.4 burrroughness, caused by not cleanly severing or finishing the material3.6 collapsesudden or unexpected folding of a structure3.7 cordpiece of slender, flexible material including monofilaments, woven and twisted cord, rope, plastic textile tapes, ribbon and those fibrous materials commonly called string3.9 crushinginjury to part of the body resulting from compression between two surfacesno corresponding section3.10 driving mechanismassembly of linked parts of a toy, at least one of which moves and is driven either electrically, by clockwork or by other mechanical means and including gears, belts and winding mechanisms3.11 edgeline formed at the junction of two surfaces, the length of which exceeds 2.0mmno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding section3.12 expanding materialmaterial, the volume of which expands when the material is exposed to water3.13 fasteningmechanical device which attaches two or more components of a toy together, for example a screw no corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding section3.17 functional toytoy which performs and is used in the same way as, and is often a scale model of, a certain product, an appliance or an installation intended for adult, e.g. a stove with heating properties3.5 fuzzbits of fibrous type material that can be readily removed from toys with a pile surfaceno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionno corresponding section3.20 hinge lineline along or parallel to the line projected through the axis of rotationno corresponding section3.23 overlap jointjoint in which an edge overlaps a parallel surface but is not necessarily mechanically attached to it at all points along the length3.21 large and bulky toy: Toy that has a projected base area of more than 0,26 m² or a volume of more than 0,08 m3 calculated without regard to minor appendages or a mass of 4,5 kg or more; NOTE: The base area for a toy having permanently attached legs is the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.24 packagingmaterial accompanying the toy when purchased but having no intended play function3.25 papermaterial, marketed as either paper or paperboard, with a mass per unit area of 400 g/m2 maximumNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.28 projectileobject intended to be launched into free flight, or a trajectory, in the air3.29 projectile toy w/ stored energytoy with a projectile propelled by means of a discharge mechanism capable of storing and releasing energy3.30 projectile toy w/o stored energytoy with a projectile discharged by the energy imparted by a childNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.32 removable componentpart or component which is intended to be removed from the toy without the use of a toolNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.33 soft filled toytoy, clothed or unclothed, with soft body surfaces and filled with soft materials, allowing compression of the main part of the toy readily with the hand3.6 splintersharp pointed fragment3.7 spring3.7.1 helical springspring in the form of a coil which can be either a compression spring or an extension spring3.35.1.1 compression springspring which returns to its initial state after compressive force has been released3.35.1.2 extension springspring which returns to its initial state after the tensile has been realized3.35.2 spiral springclockwork type spring3.8 Teethertoy designed for oral use intended primarily for symptomatic relief of children’s teething discomfort3.9 toolscrewdriver, coin or any other object which can be used to operate a screw, clip of similar fixing deviceno corresponding sectionno corresponding sectionNo corresponding section 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 accessibleany portion of a toy that can be contacted by a probe designated in 16 CFR 1500.48 and 16 CFR 1500.49. The method for using the probe can be found in 16 CFR 1500.48 (c). An illustration of an accessibility probe is shown in Fig. 1.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDimensions are provided for two probes corresponding to two age ranges of children.4.28 Flotation ToysThis requirement addresses the potentialhazard that the assumption will be made that flotation toys are lifesaving devices. No advertising copy or graphics shall state or imply that the child will be safe with such a toy if leftunsupervised. The labeling requirement given in 5.3 applies to toys designed for water recreational use such as float rings and other flotation devices, swimming aids, and inflatable play mats and boats intended to hold a child. It specifically excludes toys intended to be used in the bathtub and United States Coast Guard-approved life saving devices.5.3 Flotation ToysFlotation toys designed for water recreationaluse, as well as their packages, not including boatsdesigned for children to ride in, shall carry safety labeling as described in 5.2 stating the following: “CAUTION: This is not a lifesaving device. Do not leave child unattended while in use.”3.1.3 ballany spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that isdesigned or intended to be thrown, hit, kicked, rolled, dropped, or bounced. The term “ball” includes any spherical, ovoid, or ellipsoidal object that is attached to a toy or article by means ofstring, elastic cord, or similar tether. The term“ ball” also includes any multisided object formed by connecting planes into a generally spherical ovoid, or ellipsoidal shape that is designated or intended to be used as a ball. The term “ball”does not include dice, or balls permanently enclosed inside pinball machines, mazes, or similar outer containers. A ball is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the outer container.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.1.4 burra roughness that may be found at an edge orjoint of a toy or component if the material is not severed or finished cleanlyNo corresponding section3.1.5 corda length of slender, flexible material includingmonofilaments, woven and twisted cord, rope, plastic textile tapes, ribbon, and those fibrous materials commonly called string.No corresponding section3.1.7 discharge mechanisman inanimate system for re-leasing and propelling a projectile.No corresponding section3.1.8 edge, hazardousan accessible edge that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during the normal use and reason-ably foreseeable abuse of a toy. Metal and glass edges on toys intended for children under the age of eight years are defined as potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp edge test described in 16 CFR 1500.49. Edges other than metal and glass are defined as potentially hazardous if they are sharp to the touch under casual handling conditions.3.1.6 curled edgean edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an angle of less than 90° with the base sheet, as shown in Fig. 2.3.1.14 hemmed edgean edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is folded back on the sheet itselfthrough an angle of approximately 180°, so that the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is approximately parallel to the main sheet, as shown in Fig. 3.3.1.31 rolled edgean edge in which the portion of the sheet adjacent to the edge is bent into an arc and forms an anglebetween 90 and 120° with the main sheet, as shown in Fig. 6.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.1.10 featheringthe beveling of an edge (or decrease in thickness moving toward the edge) caused during the shearing or cutting of material.3.1.11 flashexcess material that escapes between the matingparts of a mold assembly.3.1.12 folding mechanisman assembly of hinged, pivoted, folding, or sliding members that can produce a crushing, scissoring, pinching, or shearing action during operation.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.1.13 hazardany characteristic of a toy that presents anunreasonable risk of injury or illness during normal use or as a result of reasonably foreseeable abuse.3.1.26 projection, hazardousa projection that, because of its material or configuration, or both, may present a puncturehazard if a child should fall onto it. Excluded from this definition are puncture hazards to the eyes or mouth, or both, because of the impossibility of eliminating puncture hazards to those areas of the body by product design.3.1.8 edge, hazardousan accessible edge that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during the normal use and reason-ably foreseeable abuse of a toy. Metal and glass edges on toys intended for children under the age of eight years are defined as potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp edge test described in 16 CFR 1500.49. Edges other than metal and glass are defined as potentially hazardous if they are sharp to the touch under casual handling conditions.3.1.22 point, hazardousan accessible point that presents an unreasonable risk of injury during normal use or reasonably foreseeable abuse. Points on toys intended for children under the age of 8 years are potentially hazardous if they fail the sharp point test described in 16 CFR 1500.48.3.1.15 hinge-line clearancethe distance between the stationary portion of a toy and the movable portion along, or adjacent to, a line projected through the axis of rotation, shown as Dimension A in Fig. 4.3.1.20 normal useplay modes that conform to the instructionsaccompanying the toy, that have been established by tradition or custom, or that are evident from an examination of the toy.3.1.17 lap jointa joint in which an edge overlaps a parallel surface but is not necessarily attached to it mechanically at all points along the length, as in the examples shown in Fig. 5.8.7.2.1 A toy that has (1) a projected base area of 400 in.2 (0.258 m 2 ) or more, or (2) a volume of more than 3 ft 3 (0.08 m 3 ) calculated by the major dimensions without regard to minor appendages, or both, shall be tested for impact by tipping it over three times, one of which is in the worst attitude by pushing the sample slowly past its center of balance onto the impact medium described in 8.7.1. The base area for toys having permanently attached legs shall be measured by calculating the area enclosed by straight lines connecting the outermost edge of each leg of the perimeter.3.1.19 marble A sphere made of a hard material, such asglass, agate, marble, or plastic, that is used in various children’s games, generally as a playing piece or marker. The term “marble” does not include a marble permanently enclosed in atoy or game. A marble is permanently enclosed if, when tested in accordance with 16 CFR 1500.53, it is not removed from the toy or game.No corresponding section3.1.20 normal useplay modes that conform to the instructionsaccompanying the toy, that have been established by tradition or custom, or that are evident from an examination of the toy.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.1.23 pompomlengths or strands of fiber, yarns, or threads clamped or secured and tied in the center, and brushed up to form a spherical shape. Also included are spherical-shaped attachments made of stuffed material.3.1.25 projectilean object propelled by means of a dischargemechanism capable of storing and releasing energy under the control of the operator.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding section3.1.27 protective cap or covera component that is attached to a potentially hazardous edge or projection to reduce the possibility of injury.No corresponding section3.1.29 reasonably foreseeable abuseconditions to which a child may subject a toy that are not normal use conditions, such as deliberate disassembly, dropping, or using the toy for apurpose for which it was not intended. Simulated use and abuse tests for toys are given in 16 CFR 1500.50, 1500.51, 1500.52, and 1500.53 (excluding the bite test, Paragraph (c), of eachsection).No corresponding section3.1.30 rigidany material having a hardness exceeding 70Shore A scale durometer, as measured by the latest revision of Test Method D 2240.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section4.24 Teethers and Teething ToysThese requirements are intended to address a potential impaction hazard associated with teethers. For the purposes of these requirements, a teether is defined as any device that by design, construction, instructions for use, or packaging copy or graphics, or combination thereof, is understood by the general population to be intended primarily for the symptomatic relief of infants’ teething discomfort. These requirements are applicable before and after use and abuse testing in accordance with Section 8.No corresponding section3.1.33 toyany object designed, manufactured, or marketedas a plaything for children through the age of 14 years.No corresponding section
4 REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Normal useToys shall be tested to simulate reasonably foreseeable normal use in order to ensure that hazards are not generated as a result of normal wear an/or deterioration. (see E.2 for guidance).4.2 Reasonably foreseeable abuseAll toys shall be tested in accordance with the relevant normal use tests in 5.1 to 5.23. After the normal use test, toys intended for children under 96 months, unless otherwise stated shall be tested in accordance with 5.24 for reasonably foreseeable abuse. (see E.3).After testing, the toy shall continue to conform to the relevant requirements of clause 4.4.3 Material4.3.1 Material qualityAll materials shall be visually clean and free from infestation. The materials shall be assessed visually by the unaided eye rater than under magnification.4.3.2 Expanding materialsToys and components of toys, which fit entirely in the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2, shall not expand more than 50% in any dimension when tested in accordance with 5.21 (expanding materials).This requirement does not apply to seeds in growing kits.4.4 Small parts4.4.1 For children up to 36 monthsToys intended for children up to 36 months, removable components thereof and components liberated during testing in accordance with 5.24 (reasonably foreseeable abuse tests) shall not fit entirely, whatever their orientation, into the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 (small parts test).The requirement also applies to fragments of toys, including, but not limited to, pieces of flash, slivers of plastics and pieces of foam or shavings.This following are exempted before and after subjecting the toy to the tests according to clause 5:· paper books and other articles · made of paper and pieces of paper;· writing materials such as crayons, · chalk, pencils, and pens;· modeling clay and similar products;· finger-paints, water colors, paint · sets and paint brushes;· fuzz;· balloons;· textile fabric;· yarn;· elastic and string.Guidance on categories of toys that can be considered as intended for children 36 months is given in B 4.2.4.4.2 For children from 37 months up to and including 72 monthsToys and toys containing removable components, intended for children from 37 months up to and including 72 months, which fit entirely in the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 (small parts test) shall carry a warning (see C.2.3 for guidance).4.5 Shape, size and strength of certain toys4.5.1 Squeeze toys, rattles and certain other toysExcept for soft-filled (stuffed) toys or soft-filled parts of toys or parts of fabric, the requirements in a) and b) below apply to the following types of toys:· squeeze toys intended for children up to 18 months;· rattles;· teethers and teething toys;· legs of baby gyms;and also the following toys with a mass less than 0.5kg intended for children too young to sit up unaided:· removable components of toys intended to be strung across a crib, playpen or perambulator;· removable components of baby gyms;a) Such toys shall be designed so that no portion shall be cap[able of entering and penetrating past the full depth of the cavity of the test template A when tested in accordance with 5.3 ( test for shape and size of certain toys).b) Such toys with nearly spherical, hemispherical, or circular flared ends shall be designed so that such ends are not capable of entering and penetrating past the full depth of the cavity of the supplemental test template B when tested in accordance with 5.3 ( test for shape and size of certain toys).4.5.2 Small balls A small ball is any ball that passes entirely through the template when tested in accordance with 5.4 ( small balls test).a) Toys intended for children up to and including 36 months shall not be small balls or contain removable small balls.b) Toys intended for children from 37 months up to and including 96 months that are small balls or contain removable small balls, or small balls liberated after testing in accordance with 5.24 ( reasonably foreseeable abuse test) shall carry a warning (see c.2.5 for guidance).4.5.3 PompomsPompoms intended for children up to and including 36 months that become detached when tested in accordance with 5.24.6.3 (tension test for pompoms) shall not pass entirely through the test template when tested in accordance with 5.5 (test for pompoms). Any components, pieces or individual strands that are detached from the pompom during the torque or tension tests shall not be subjected to the test in 5.5.4.5.4 Preschool play figuresExcept for soft play figures made of textiles, preschool figures intended for children up to and including 36 months having:a round, spherical or hemispherical end with tapered neck attached to a simple cylindrical shape without appendages; andan overall length not exceeding 64mmshall be designed so that the rounded end shall not be capable of entering and penetrating past the full depth of the cavity of the test template when tested in accordance with 5.6 ( test for preschool play figures). The requirement applies to figures with added or molded features such as hats or hair, which retain the rounded shape of the end.4.5.5 Toy pacifiersToy pacifiers attached to or sold with toys intended for children up to and including 36 months shall have a nipple length no longer than 16mm. This dimension shall be measured from the nipple side of the shield to the end of the nipple.NOTE: Real pacifiers attached to or sold with toys shall comply with national regulations for real pacifiers.4.5.6 Balloons Balloons made of rubber latex shall carry a warning (see C.2.4 for guidance)4.5.7 MarblesThe packaging of marbles and toys containing removable marbles or marbles liberated after testing according to 5.24 ( reasonably foreseeable abuse tests) shall carry a warning (see S.2.5b for guidance).4.6 Edges4.6.1 Accessible sharp edges of glass or metala) Accessible edges on toys intended for children under 96 months shall not be hazardous sharp edges of glass or metal when tested in accordance with 5.8 (sharp edge test).If an accessible edge fails the sharp edge test as given in 5.8 (sharp edge test), the edge shall be assessed to determine whether it presents an unreasonable risk of injury, taking into account the foreseeable use and intended age grade of the toy.b) Potentially sharp glass or metal edges shall be considered non-accessible if they lie adjacent to a surface of the test sample, and any gap between the edge and the adjacent surface does not exceed 0.5mm (e.g. in lap joints and hemmed edges).c) Edges of pieces intended to serve as electrical conductors and microscope slides and cover slips are considered as functional edges and do not require a warning.4.6.2 Functional sharp edgesa) Toys intended for children up to and including 36 months shall not have accessible hazardous functional sharp edges.b) Toys intended for children from 37 months up to and including 96 months that by reason of their function (e.g. functional toy scissors and functional toy tool kits) necessarily include a sharp edge and that do not include any non-functional sharp edges are exempt from 4.6 provided that the packaging carries a warning (see C.2.12 for guidance).4.6.3 Edges on metal toysAccessible metal edges, including those of holes and slots, on toys intended for children under 97 months shall be free of hazardous burrs and feathering or shall be hemmed, rolled or curled or shall incorporate a permanently affixed protective equipment or finish.Regardless of the manner in which edges are finished, they shall be subject to the sharp edge test as given in 5.8.4.6.4 Edges on molded toysAccessible edges, corners or mold parting areas of molded toys intended for children under 97 months shall be free of hazardous sharp edges produced by burrs and flash or so protected that hazardous sharp edges are not accessible.4.6.5 Edges on exposed bolts or threaded rodsAccessible ends of threaded bolts or threaded rods shall be free of sharp edges and burrs, or the ends shall be covered by smooth protective caps so that sharp edges and burrs are not accessible. Any protective caps that are used shall be subjected to the compression test in 5.24.7, regardless of whether or not the protective cap is accessible to flat-surface e contact during the appropriate test(s) in 5.24 (reasonably foreseeable abuse tests). Protective caps shall also be subjected to 5.24.5 (torque test) followed by 5.24.6.1 (tension test).4.7 Points4.7.1 Accessible sharp pointsa) Accessible point on toys intended for children under 97 months, shall not be hazardous sharp points when tested according to 5.9 (sharp point test).Points of pencils and similar drawing implements are not considered as sharp points.b) Potentially sharp points shall be considered non-accessible if they lie adjacent to a surface of the test sample and any gap between the point and the adjacent surface does not exceed 0.5mm.c) Points, on toys intended for children up to and including 36 months, whose largest cross-sectional dimension is 2mm or less and that do not necessarily present a sharp point when tested in accordance with 5.9, are considered to be potentially hazardous sharp points. They shall therefore be assessed to determine whether they present an unreasonable risk of injury, taking into account the foreseeable use and intended age grade of the toy.4.7.2 Functional sharp pointsToys intended for children from 37 months up to and including 96 months that by reason of their function necessarily present the hazard of sharp points and that do not have any non-functional sharp points are exempt from 4.7.1 (e.g. a toy sewing machine with a needle) provided that the packaging carries a warning (see C.2.12 for guidance).4.7.3 Wooden toysThe accessible surfaces and edges used in toys shall be free of splinters.4.8 ProjectionIf a projection presents a potential skin puncture hazard, the projection shall be protected by suitable means, such as turning back the end of a wire, or by affixing a smoothly finished protective cap or cover, which effectively increases the surface area for potential contact with the skin. The protective cap or cover shall not become detached when tested according to 5.24.6.4 (tension test for protective components).Toys intended to be repeatedly assembled and taken apart shall have the individual pieces and fully assembled articles, as shown on packaging graphics, instructions or other advertising, evaluated separately.The requirements for the assembled toy do not apply to toys where the assembling makes up a significant part of the play value of the toy.Since this requirement relates to hazards arising from a child falling onto a toy, only vertical or nearly vertical projections are required to be evaluated. The toy shall be tested in its most onerous position. Corners of structures do not fall under this category.4.9 Metal wires and rodsa) Metal wires or other metal materials used for stiffening or for retention of form in toys shall not fracture to produce a hazardous sharp point, hazardous sharp edge or projection hazard when tested in accordance with 5.24.8 (flexure test), if the component can be bent through a 60° arc by the applicable force.b) The ends of spokes on toy umbrellas shall be protected. If the protection is removed when tested according to 5.24.6.4 (tension test for protective components) the ends of the spokes shall be free from sharp edges and sharp points when tested in accordance with 5.8 (sharp edge test) and 5.9 (sharp point test). Furthermore, if the protective components are removed by the tension test, the spokes shall have a minimum diameter of 2mm and the ends shall be smooth, rounded and approximately spherical with no burrs.4.10 Plastic film or plastic bags in packaging and in toysThe following are exempted from the requirements in 4.10:· Bags which have an opening perimeter of less than 360mm;· Bags which have an opening perimeter of 360mm or more and in which the combined depth and opening perimeter is less than 584mm;· Shrink film of less than 0.038mm nominal thickness that is in the form of an over-wrap that would normally be destroyed hen the packaging is opened.Flexible plastic film or flexible plastic bags without backing and of dimensions greater than 100mmx100mm and used in toys shall either:a) have a nominal thickness of 0.038mm or greater, but shall never be less than 0.036mm thick when tested according to 5.10 (determination of thickness of plastic film and sheeting), orb) have perforations with well-defined holes (where material has been removed) of 1% minimum area on any maximum area of dimensions 30mm x 30mm.For plastic balloons, the thickness requirement in a) applies to double layers of plastic sheeting (i.e. the thickness is measured without inflating or destroying the balloon).4.11 Cords and elastics4.11.1 Cords and elastics in toys intended for children up to and including 18 monthsThe free length of cords or elastics that can tangle to form a loop or a fixed noose, included with or attached to toys, shall be less than 220mm in length when measured under a tension of 25N ± 2N.If cords or elastics or multiple cords or elastics can tangle and/or form a noose or a fixed loop in connection with any part of the toy, including beads or other attachments on the ends of cord or elastics, the perimeter of then noose or the fixed loop shall be less than 360mm when measured under a tension of 25N ± 2N.Cords and elastics on toys shall have a mean thickness (smallest dimension) of 1.5mm or more when measured in accordance with 5.11.1. This does not apply to ribbons.4.11.2 Self-retracting pull-cords in toys intended for children up to and including 18 monthsAccessible cords used in cord-activated mechanisms shall not retract more than 6.4mm when tested according to 5.11.2 (self-retracting pull-cords).4.11.3 Cords for pull toys intended for children up to and including 36 monthsCords and elastics for pull-toys intended for children up to and including 36 months, with a length of more than 220mm when measured under a tension of 25N ± 2N, shall not be provided with beads or other attachments that could tangle to form a noose or a fixed loop.4.11.4 Cords on toy bagsToy bags made of impermeable material with an opening perimeter greater than 360mm shall not have a drawstring or cord as a means of closing (see also 4.10).4.11.5 Crib or playpen toys and mobilesMobiles intended to be attached to a crib or playpen shall be accompanied by instructions that draw attention to the hazard of not removing the mobile when the baby begins to push up on hands and knees. Instructions shall also include directions for correct assembly (see C.2.7 and C.3.2 for guidance).Design guidelines for toys intended for attachment to cribs and playpens are given in annex D.4.11.6 Crib gyms and similar toysCrib gyms, including crib exercisers, and similar toys intended to be strung across a crib, playpen or perambulator shall be accompanied by instructions that draw attention to the hazard of not removing the gym when the baby begins to push up on hands and knees. Instructions shall also include directions for correct assembly (see C.2.10 and C.3.3 for guidance).Design guidelines for toys intended for attachment to cribs and playpens are given in annex D.4.11.7 Cords, strings and lines for flying toysHand-held cords, strings and lines over 1.8m long, attached to toy kites or other flying toys, shall have an electrical resistance of more than 108 Ω/cm when tested in accordance with 5.11.3 (electrical resistance of cords).Toy kites and other flying toys shall carry a warning (see C.2.16 for guidance).4.12 Folding mechanisms4.12.1 Toy pushchairs, perambulators and similar toys The requirements in 4.12.1 do not apply to toys with a potential sitting surface width of less than 140mm.Toy pushchairs, strollers, perambulators and similar toys with folding and sliding mechanisms shall conform to the following requirements:a) Toys with a handle or other structural member which can fold down over a child:Such toys shall have at least one main locking device and at least one secondary locking device, both of which act directly on the folding mechanism.At least one of the locking devices shall automatically engage when the toy is erected.When tested in accordance with 5.22.2 (toy pushchairs and perambulators), the toy shall not collapse and neither of the locking devices shall fail or disengage.Two devices of the same constructions (e.g. locking rings), one on the left-hand side and one on the right-hand side of the toy, are considered to be one locking device.If it is possible to partially erect a toy pushchair or perambulator without one of the locking devices being engaged, the test given in 5.22.2 shall be conducted in this orientation.NOTE: Partially erect means erected in such a way that the user might wrongly believe the toy to be fully erect.b) Toy pushchairs and perambulators that do not present a hazard of a handle or other structural member folding down over a child:Such toys shall have at least a locking device or a safety stop, which may be manual in operation.When tested according to 5.22.1 (toy pushchairs and perambulators), the toy shall not collapse and the locking device or safety stop shall not fail or disengage.If it is possible to partially erect a toy pushchair or perambulator without a locking device being engaged, the test of 5.22.2 shall be conducted in this orientation (see note).NOTE: Partially erect means erected in such a way that the user might wrongly believe the toy to be fully erect.4.12.2 Other toys with folding mechanismsPlay furniture and other toys in which a folding mechanism, arm or brace is capable of supporting a child or a comparable mass shall either:a) have a safety stop or locking device to prevent unexpected or sudden movement or collapse of the toy. The toy shall not collapse when tested in accordance with 5.22.3 (other toys with folding mechanism), or b) have adequate clearance between moving parts to protect the fingers and toes against crushing or laceration in the event of sudden movement or collapse of the toy. If it is possible to insert a 5mm diameter rod between moving parts, it shall also be possible to insert a 12mm diameter rod.4.12.3 Hinge-line clearanceToys having a gap or clearance along the hinge line between a stationary portion and a movable portion that weighs more than 0.25kg, shall be so constructed that if the accessible gap at the hinge line will admit a 5mm diameter rod, it shall also admit a 12mm diameter rod at all positions of the hinge.4.13 Holes, clearances and accessibility of mechanisms4.13.1 Circular holes in rigid materialsFor toys intended for children up to and including 60 months, if an accessible circular hole in any rigid material less than 1.58mm in thickness can admit a 6mm diameter rod to a depth of 10mm or greater it shall also admit a 12mm diameter rod.4.13.2 Accessible clearances for movable segmentsFor toys intended for children up to and including 96 months, if accessible clearances for movable segments can admit a 5mm diameter rod, they shall also admit a 12mm diameter rod.4.13.3 Chains or belts in ride-on toysPower transmission chains and belts in ride-on toys shall be shielded to make them inaccessible. It shall not be possible to remove the shield without the use of a tool.4.13.4 Other driving mechanismsClockwork battery-operated, inertial, or other power-driven mechanisms in toy shall be so enclosed that they do not expose accessible sharp edges or sharp points or other wise present a hazard of crushing the fingers or other parts of the body.4.13.5 Winding keysThis requirement applies to toys intended for children up to and including 36 months that use winding keys that rotate as the mechanism unwinds. The requirement applies to keys with flat plates attached to the stem, and which protrudes from a rigid surface of the body of the toy.If the clearance between the flukes of the key and the body of the toy can admit a 5mm diameter rod, it shall also admit a 12mm diameter rod at all positions of the key. For keys covered by this requirement, there shall be no opening in the flukes of the key which can admit a 5mm diameter rod.4.14 SpringsSprings shall comply with the following:a) Spiral springs shall not be accessible if the gap between two consecutive spirals is greater than 3mm in any position of use.b) Extension helical springs shall not be accessible if the gap between two consecutive turns is greater than 3mm when the spring is subjected to a tensile force of 40N.This requirement does not apply to springs that do not essentially return to their original position after unloading.c) Compression helical springs shall not be accessible if the gap between two consecutive turns is greater than 3mm at rest and the spring, then the toy is used, can be subjected to a compression force of 40N or more.This requirement does not apply to springs that do not essentially return to their original position after loading with a force of 40N, nor to springs wound around a second component of the toy (for example a guiding rod) so that it is not possible to insert the accessibility probe A between consecutive coils further than 5mm.4.15 Stability and overload requirements4.15.1 Stability of ride-on toys and seatsThe requirements in 4.15.1.1 to 4.15.1.3 apply to ride-on toys and stationary toys with seats, such as play furniture intended for children up to and including 60 months. Ride-on toys of spherical, cylindrical or other shape that do not normally have a stable base (for example toy bicycles and similar toys) are not covered by these requirements.4.15.1.1 Sideways stability, feet available for stabilizationRide-on toys and stationary toys with seats, where the height of the seat from the ground is 27cm or more and where the feet and/or legs f the child are unrestricted in their sideways motion and thus are available for stabilization, shall not tip when tested in accordance with 5.12.2 (stability test, feet available for stabilization).4.15.1.2 Sideways stability, feet unavailable for stabilizationRide-on toys and stationary toys with seats, where the feet and/or legs of the child are restricted in their sideways motion, such as by the enclosed sides of a toy automobile, shall not tip when tested in accordance with 5.12.3 (stability test, feet unavailable for stabilization).4.15.1.3 Fore and aft stabilityRide-on toys and stationary toys with seats, where the rider cannot easily use his/her legs for stabilization, shall not tip forward or backward when tested in accordance with 5.12.4 (fore and aft stability test).4.15.2 Overload requirements for ride-on toys and seatsRide-on toys, stationary toys with seats and toys designed to support all or part of the mass of the child shall not collapse when tested in accordance with 5.12.5 (overload test for ride-on toys and seats) and 5.24.4 (dynamic strength test for wheeled ride-on toys).NOTE: Manufacturers are recommended to consider the strength of the seat and seat pillar under dynamic conditions.4.15.3 Stability of stationary floor toysStationary floor toys greater than 760mm in height and weighing more than 4.5kg shall not tip when tested in accordance with 5.12.6 ( stationary test of stationary floor toys).4.16 Enclosures4.16.1 VentilationAny toy, made of impermeable material and having a door or lid, which encloses a continuous volume greater than 0.03m3 and in which all internal dimensions are 150mm or more, shall provide means for breathing by the incorporation of unobstructed ventilation openings. These ventilation openings shall consist of a minimum of either two openings, each having a total area of at least 650mm2 and placed at least 150mm apart or one opening that is the equivalent of the two 650mm2 openings expanded to include the separation area.The ventilation opening shall remain unobstructed when the toy is placed on the floor in any position and adjacent to two vertical plane surfaces meeting at a 90° angle, so as to simulate the corner of a room. If a permanent partition or bars (two or more) effectively limit the continuous space by making the largest internal dimension less than 150mm, the ventilation opening shall not be required.4.16.2 Closures4.16.2.1 Lids, doors and similar devicesClosures, such as lids, covers and doors or devices similar to enclosures shall not be fitted with automatic locking devices.Closures shall be of a type that can be opened with a force of 45N or less when tested in accordance with 5.13.1 (closures).This requirement notably precludes the use of buttons, zips and similar fastenings on lids, covers and doors.4.16.2.2 Lid support for toy chests and similar toysa) Toy chests and similar toys with vertically opening hinged lids shall be provided with lid-support mechanisms to prevent sudden collapse or dropping of the lid. The lid-support mechanism shall support the lid so that at no position in the arc of travel of the lid, from within 50mm of the fully closed position through an arc not to exceed 60° from the fully closed position, shall it drop more than 12mm under the influence of its own mass, except in the last 50mm of travel. The test shall be conduction in accordance with 5.13.2.1 (lid support).The lid-support mechanism shall comply with this requirement before and after being subjected to 7,000 opening and closing cycles, as described in 5.13.2.2 (durability test for toy chest lids).b) The lid-support mechanism shall not require adjustment by the consumer to ensure adequate lid support nor shall it require adjustment in order to comply with a) above after being cycled in accordance with 5.13.2.2 (durability test for toy chest lids).c) The lid and lid-support mechanism shall comply with the requirements in 4.12.d) Toy chests shall be accompanied by instructions for proper assembly and maintenance.4.16.3 Toys that enclose the headToys that enclose the head, such a space helmets, and that are made of impermeable material shall provide means for breathing by the incorporation of unobstructed ventilation areas close to the mouth and nose area. These ventilation areas shall consist of a minimum of either two holes, each hole having a total area of at least 650mm2 and placed at least 150mm apart, or one opening that is equivalent to the two 650mm2 holes expanded to include the separation area.4.17 Simulated protective equipment, such as helmets, hats and gogglesAll rigid toys that cover the face, such as goggles, space helmets or face shields, when tested in accordance with 5.14 (impact test of toys that cover the face), shall not produce sharp edges, sharp points or loose parts which could enter the eye. This applies to toys with cut-out eye holes as well as items that cover the eyes.Toys that simulate safety protective equipment and are intended to be worn by children (examples include but are not limited to construction helmets, sports helmets and fire-fighter helmets) and their packaging shall carry a warning.4.18 Projectile toys4.18.1 GeneralProjectiles and projectile toys shall conform to the following requirements:a) All rigid projectiles shall have a tip radius of not less than 2mm.b) High speed rotors and high speed propellers shall be so designed that the perimeter of the rotor or propeller is in the form of a ring in order to reduce the risk of injury.This requirement does not apply to rotors or propellers that fold down when the toy is not activated. However, the tips and leading edges of these type of rotors or propellers shall be made of suitable resilient material.4.18.2 Projectile toys with stored energyProjectile toys with stored energy shall conform to the following requirements:a) When tested in accordance with 5.15 (kinetic energy of projectiles, bows and arrows), if the maximum kinetic energy of a projectile exceeds 0.08J1) the projectile shall have a protective tip made of resilient material such that the kinetic energy per unit area of contact shall not exceed 0.16J/cm2;2) the protective tip shall either:· not become detached from the projectile when tested in accordance with 5.24.5 (torque test) or 5.24.6.4 (tension test for protective components); or· if the protective tip becomes detached from the projectile when tested in accordance with 5.24.5 (torque test) or 5.24.6.4 (tension test for protective components), the projectile shall not be able to be launched by the intended discharge mechanism.· 3) the potential danger of misuse shall be drawn to the attention of the user.b) When tested in accordance with 5.15 (kinetic energy of projectiles, bows and arrows), projectiles ejected by a discharge mechanism shall not produce a hazardous sharp edge or a hazardous sharp point.c) The discharge mechanism should be so designed that it will not discharge any other type of potentially hazardous improvised projectiles (e.g. pencils, nails, stones) without modification by the user. Where the discharge mechanism is capable of discharging an object other than that provided with the toy, the potential danger of misuse shall be drawn to the attention of the user.In order to reduce the risk of eye injuries, manufacturers are strongly recommended to design toys so that they are not able to discharge missiles other than those provided with the toy.d) Projectiles shall not, whatever their orientation, fit entirely into the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 (small parts test). This requirement applies regardless of the age group for which the toy is intended.4.18.3 Projectile toys without stored energyProjectile toys without stored energy shall conform to the following requirements:a) Where the projectile is in the form of an arrow or dart, the projectile shall either1) include a protective tip that is integral with the front end of the shaft; or2) have a blunted front end to which a protective tip is attached.b) The protective tip shall have a contact area of at least 3cm2 and, unless it is reliant on magnetic forces, the tip shall be made from suitable resilient material.c) When tested in accordance with 5.24.5 (torque test) or 5.24.6.4 (tension test for protective components),1) the protective tip shall not become detached from the projectileor2) if the protective tip becomes detached from the projectile, the projectile shall not be able to be launched by the intended launch method.d) For a bow and arrow set, if the maximum kinetic energy of the arrows exceed 0.08J when tested in accordance with 5.15 (kinetic energy of projectiles, bow and arrows), the kinetic energy per unit area of contact shall not exceed 0.16J/cm2.e) The potential danger of misuse shall be drawn to the attention of the user.4.19 Aquatic toysAll air inlets of inflatable aquatic toys shall have non-return valves with stoppers permanently attached to the toy.When the toy is inflated, the stopper must be capable of being pushed into the toy so that it does not stand more than 5mm from the surface of the toy.Advertising copy or graphics shall not state or imply that the child will be safe with such a toy if left unsupervised.Aquatic toys shall carry a warning that the product is not a life-saving device.4.20 BrakingBraking requirements do not apply to:· toys where the hands or feet provide the motive power to the driving wheel or wheels via direct transmission (e.g. pedal cars, tricycles);· electrically propelled ride-on toys which are propelled at a maximum speed of 1 m/s unloaded, have a seat height of less than 300mm and in which the feet are free;· toy bicycles.a) Mechanically or electrically propelled ride-on toys with a free-wheeling facility in accordance with 5.16.1 (determination of free-wheeling facility):· shall have a braking device;· when tested in accordance with 5.16.2 (brake performance for mechanically or electrically powered ride-on toys other than toy bicycles) shall not move more than 5cm.· for such toys which have a mass of 30kg or more, it shall be possible to lock the brake (parking brake).b) Electrically propelled ride-on toys shall be operated by means of a switch which cuts off the power automatically when it is released, without tilting the toy. Application of the brakes shall cut power automatically to the drive.4.21 Toy bicyclesNOTE: Requirements for bicycles with a maximum saddle height between 435mm and 635mm are given in ISO 8098.4.21.1 Instructions for useToy bicycles shall be accompanied by assembly and maintenance instructions. The potential dangers of riding toy bicycles and precautions to be taken shall be brought the attention of the parents or caregivers.4.21.2 Determination of maximum saddle heightThe seat pillar shall have a permanent mark that indicates the minimum insertion depth of the pillar into the frame. The minimum insertion mark shall be positioned at a distance equal to or greater than two and a half times the diameter of the pillar measured from the bottom of the full diameter of the pillar, and shall not affect the seat pillar strength.4.21.3 Braking requirementsToy bicycles with a free-wheeling facility in accordance with 5.16.1 shall be equipped with a braking system which operates on the rear wheel.For handbrakes, the brake lever dimension d measured at the midpoint of the lever shall not exceed 60mm. The range of adjustment on an adjustable lever shall permit this dimension to be attained. The lever length (l) shall be (to conform with other ISO editing) 80mm.When tested in accordance with 5.16.3 (brake performance for toy bicycles), the toy shall not move more than 5cm.4.22 Speed limitation of electrically driven ride-on toysElectrically driven ride-on toys shall have a maximum speed of 8km/h when tested in accordance with 5.17 (determination of speed of electrically driven ride-on toys).4.23 Toys containing a heat sourceThis requirement does not cover burners in chemistry sets or related experimental kits and light bulbs and similar items.When tested in accordance with 5.18 (determination of temperature rises):a) toys containing a heat source shall not ignite when used at the maximum input;b) the rise in temperature of handles, knobs, and similar parts which are likely to be touched by hand shall not exceed the following values:· parts made of metal 25K· parts made of glass or porcelain 30K· parts made of plastics or wood 35Kc) the rise in temperature of other accessible parts of the toy shall not exceed the following values:· parts made of metal 45K· parts made of other materials 55K4.24 Liquid-filled toysUpon completion of any relevant tests in accordance with clause 5, liquid-filled toys with non-accessible liquid shall be tested according to 5.19 (leakage of liquid-filled toys) and there shall be no leakage of the contents which would result in a potential hazard.Liquid-filled teethers and liquid-filled teething toys shall be marked with a warning not to be placed in a freezer compartment.4.25 Mouth-actuated toysMouth-actuated toys shall conform to the following requirements:a) Mouth-actuated toys and removable mouthpieces of mouth-actuated toys shall not fit entirely in the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 (small parts test).b) Non-detachable mouthpieces of mouth-actuated toys, if detached when tested in accordance with 5.24.5 (torque test) and 5.24.6.1 (tension test – general), shall not fit entirely in the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 (small parts test).c) Mouth-actuated toys which contain loose components such as spheres in a whistle or reeds in a noisemaker shall not, when tested in accordance with 5.20 (durability of mouth-actuated toys), release any objects that fit entirely in the small parts cylinder when tested in accordance with 5.2 ( small parts test).d) Removable or non-detachable mouthpieces fitted to balloons shall conform to the requirements in items a) and b).4.26 Toy roller skates and toy skateboardsToy roller skates and toy skateboards are products that are intended for children with a maximum mass of 20kg.Toy roller skates and toy skateboards shall carry a warning advising that protective equipment be worn.4.27 Percussion capsAssuming reasonably foreseeable use, percussion caps specifically designed for use in toys shall not produce flames, glowing parts or other debris which are potential eye injury hazards.The packaging of percussion caps shall carry a warning. No corresponding sectionNo corresponding section4.1 Material Toys and material used in toys shall be visually clean and free from infestation. The material is assessed visually by the unaided eye rather than under magnification.4.6 Expanding materials The requirement in 4.6 does not apply to seeds in growing kits.Toys and components of toys made of expanding materials, which fit entirely in the cylinder specified in 8.2, shall not expand more than 50 % in any dimension when tested according to 8.14 (expanding materials).5.1 General requirements The requirements in 5.1 do not apply to the following: - paper, fabric, elastics, yarn, strings and fuzz;- crayons, chalks, pencils and similar writing and drawing implements without removable components; - balloons ; - modelling clay and similar products.7.2 Toys not intended for children under 36 months (see C.35)The provisions in 7.2 do not apply to toys which, on account of their function, dimensions, characteristics, properties or other cogent grounds, are manifestly unsuitable for children under 36 months. Toys which are not intended for, but might be dangerous for, children under 36 months shall bear a warning, for example:"Not suitable for children under 36 months" or "Not suitable for children under three years" together with a brief indication of the specific hazard calling for this restriction.NOTE: The word "Warning" may precede the above sentences.The age warning shall be clearly legible at the point of sale of the product.The age warning shall appear either on the toy itself or on its retail packaging.The indication of the specific hazard may appear on a leaflet or in the instructions for use.The age warning may be substituted by a symbol as specified in EN 71-6 Safety of toys - Part 6: Graphical symbol for age warning labeling.The age warning shall be clearly legible at the point of sale of the product.5.9 Shape and size of certain toys The requirements in 5.9 a) and b) do not apply to soft filled toys or soft filled parts of toys or parts of fabric. The shape and size of toys intended for children, who are too young to sit up unaided, shall conform to the requirements in a) and b).Toys that are manifestly marketed for such children include, but are not limited to:· rattle shaped toys and squeeze toys with or without noise making features;· teethers, toys or components intended to be chewed on;· hand held activity toys;· books and building blocks covered by textile or vinyl;· removable components of toys intended to be strung across a crib, playpen or perambulator.· removable components of baby gyms;· legs of baby gyms. The requirements in a) and b) below apply regardless of the mass of the baby gym. a) Such toys having a mass of 0,5 kg maximum, when tested according to 8.16 (geometric form of certain toys), no part of the toy shall be allowed to protrude past the base of the template A. b) Such toys with nearly spherical, hemispherical or circular flared ends having a mass of 0,5 kg maximum, when tested according to 8.16 (geometric form of certain toys), no part of the toy shall be allowed to protrude past the base of the template B.No corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding sectionNo corresponding section7.3 Latex balloons (see 4.12 and C.15)The packaging of latex balloons shall bear the following warning: "Warning! Children under eight years can choke or suffocate on uninflated or broken balloons. Adult supervision required. Keep uninflated balloons from children. Discard broken balloons at once."The packaging of natural latex balloons shall indicate "Made of natural rubber latex".See 7.24.7 Edges (see C.7)Accessible edges shall not present an unreasonable risk of injury:a) Edges of metal or glass on toys are considered as potentially hazardous sharp edges if they are sharp as determined according to 8.11 (sharpness of edges). If the edges fail the test, they shall then be assessed to determine if they present an unreasonable risk of injury taking into account the foreseeable use of the toy. Regardless of the manner in which the edges are finished, they are subject to being tested according to 8.11. NOTE: Edges may be folded, rolled or spiraled in order to make them inaccessible or protected by a coating of plastic or other similar material. b) In overlap joints, when the clearance between the sheet metal having a thickness of 0,5 mm maximum and the underlying surface is greater than 0,7 mm, the edge of the sheet metal shall conform to item a).c) Edges of metal (including fastenings, e.g. screw heads) and of rigid polymeric material shall be free from burr capable of causing wound or abrasion.Flashings on pliable polymeric materials (e.g. polyolefins) are not considered as burr. d) Where it is essential for the functioning of the toy (cover slips), sharp edges may be used in toys intended for children over 36 months.The potential danger presented by sharp edges shall be drawn to the attention of the user (see 7.7).Edges of pieces intended to serve as electrical conductors and microscope slides and cover slips are considered as functional edges and do not require a warning.4.8 Points and wires Wires and accessible points shall not present an unreasonable risk of injury. a) Points on toys are considered as potentially hazardous sharp points if they are sharp as determined according to 8.12 (sharpness of points). If the points fail the test, they shall then be assessed to determine if they present an unreasonable risk of injury taking into account the foreseeable use of the toy (see also 5.1). b) Where it is essential for the functioning of the toy, sharp points may be used in toys intended for children over 36 months. The potential danger presented by sharp points shall be drawn to the attention of the user (see 7.7). Points of pieces intended to serve as electrical conductors are considered as functional points and do not require a warning. c) Toys which contain wires, likely to be bent, and wires used for stiffening or Points of pencils and similar writing and drawing implements are not considered as sharp points.retention of form (e.g. in soft filled toys) shall not break and produce sharp points or protrude through the surface covering of the toy when tested according to 8.13 (flexibility of wires).No corresponding section4.9 Protruding parts Tubes and rigid components in the form of projections which constitute a puncture hazard to a child shall be protected. This protection shall not be removed when tested according to 8.4.2.3 (tension test, protective components).The ends of spokes on toy umbrellas shall be protected. If the protection is removed when tested in accordance with 8.4.2.3 (tension test, protective components) the ends of the spokes shall be free from sharp edges and sharp points when tested in accordance with 8.11 (sharpness of edges) and 8.12 (sharpness of points). Furthermore, if the protections are removed as above, the spokes shall have a minimum diameter of 2 mm and shall have ends with no burr and with a smooth, rounded and approximately spherical finish.4.3 Flexible plastic sheeting Toys with flexible plastic sheeting shall conform to the following requirements: a) Sheets without any backing and of an area greater than 100 mm x 100 mm when tested according to 8.26.1 (plastic sheeting, thickness) shall have an average thickness of 0,038 mm or more. b) Sheets with an average thickness of less than 0,038 mm and of an area greater than 100 mm x 100 mm shall be perforated with defined holes so that a minimum of 1 % of the area has been removed over any area of 30 mm x 30 mm. c) For plastic balloons the requirements in item a) apply to double layers of plastic sheeting (i.e. the thickness is measured without inflating or destroying the balloon).6 PackagingThe requirement in 6 a) does not apply to the following: - shrunk-on film packaging, which is normally destroyed when the packaging is opened by the user; - bags made of perforated sheets which conform to the requirements in 4.3 b).The packaging of toys shall conform to the following requirements: a) Bags made of flexible plastics, with an opening perimeter greater than 380 mm used for external or internal packaging, shall have an average sheet thickness of not less than 0,038 mm when tested according to 8.26.1 (plastic sheeting, thickness). b) Bags made of flexible plastics with an opening perimeter greater than 380 mm shall not have a draw-string or cord as a means of closing.5.4 Cords on toys Cords on toys shall conform to the following requirements: a) Cords on toys shall have a thickness (smallest dimension) of 1,5 mm or more, when tested according to 8.20 (cord thickness). b) The free length of cords on toys, (e.g. on pull-along toys) which include attachments which can form nooses shall either: - not exceed 220 mm when stretched by a force of 25 N ± 2 N or; - when subjected to a force of 25 N ± 2 N, separate into parts not exceeding 220 mm when stretched by a force of 25 N ± 2 N. It shall be possible to join the parts together after they have been separated without altering the characteristics of the joints. The free length of the cord shall be measured from the fixing point to the end of the cord or to the fixing point of the other part of the toy. If the fixing point has the same shape or form as the cord, then this part shall be measured as a part of the entire cord. c) The perimeter of any nooses on cords shall not exceed 380 mm when stretched by a force of 25 N ± 2 N. d) Toys with self-retracting cords shall have a mechanism recoil force less than 10 N. e) Cords intended to be fixed across cradles, cots, perambulators, etc., shall not exceed 750 mm when stretched by a force of 25 N ± 2 N and their length under these conditions shall be not more than 40 % longer than their relaxed length. A warning shall be given.4.4 Toy bagsToy bags made of impermeable material with an opening perimeter greater than 380 mm shall not have a drawstring or a cord as a means of closing.7.12 Toys intended to be strung across a cradle, cot, or perambulator Toys intended to be strung across a cradle, cot, or perambulator by means of strings, cords, elastics or straps shall bear the following warning: "Warning! To prevent possible injury by entanglement, remove this toy when the child begins to push up on hands and knees."4.13 Cords of toy kites and other flying toys Cords of toy kites and other flying toys, materially linking the toy to the child and with a length exceeding 2 m, shall be made of material with an electric resistance exceeding 100 Ω per cm of cord, when measured according to 8.19 (electric resistivity of cords).The potential danger of flying a toy kite near overhead power lines and during thunderstorms shall be drawn to the attention of the user (see 7.10).7.10 Toy kites Toy kites and other flying toys with cords exceeding 2 m materially linking the toy to the child shall bear the following warning:"Warning! Do not use near overhead power lines or during thunderstorms."4.10 Parts moving against each other 4.10.1 Folding and sliding mechanisms The requirements in 4.10.1 do not apply to toys with a potential sitting surface width of less than 140 mm.Toys with folding and sliding mechanisms shall conform to the following requirements: a) Toy pushchairs and perambulators, incorporating a handle or other structural member which can fold down over a child, shall have at least one main locking device and at least one secondary locking device, both of which act directly on the folding mechanism. At least one of the locking devices shall automatically engage when the toy is erected. When tested according to 8.18.2 a) (toy pushchairs and perambulators) the toy shall not collapse and neither of the locking devices shall fail or disengage. Two devices of the same construction (e.g. locking rings), one on the left hand side and one on the right hand side of the toy, are considered to be one locking device. If it is possible partially to erect a toy pushchair or perambulator without one of the locking devices being engaged, then the test of 8.18.2 a) shall be conducted in this orientation.NOTE 1: Partially erect means erected in such a way that the user might wrongly believe the toy to be fully erect. b) Toy pushchairs and perambulators that otherwise do not constitute a hazard of a handle or other structural member folding down over a child, shall have at least a locking device or a safety stop, which may be manual in operation. When tested according to 8.18.2 b) (toy pushchairs and perambulators) the toy shall not collapse and the locking device or safety stop shall not fail or disengage. If it is possible partially to erect a toy pushchair or perambulator without a locking device being engaged, then the test of 8.18.2 b) shall be conducted in this orientation (see note 1).c) Folding devices on other collapsible toys (e.g. ironing boards, folding chairs and tables, etc.) and which may have a scissors-like action shall have: 1) a safety stop or locking device. When tested according to 8.18.3 (other collapsible toys) the toy shall not collapse nor shall the locking device fail or disengage; and 2) a minimum clearance of 12 mm between moving parts which constitute a scissors-like action . d) Toys other than those covered by item a), b) or c) above, with folding or sliding mechanisms intended to bear or capable of bearing the mass of a child and capable of injuring fingers, shall be so constructed that the space between moving elements, if it allows a 5 mm diameter rod to be inserted, shall also allow a 12 mm diameter rod to be inserted.4.10.3 Hinges This requirement does not apply if any part joined by one or more hinges has a mass of less than 250 g.Toys having two parts joined by means of one or more hinges and with a space between the assembled edges along the hinge line, shall be so constructed that this space, if it allows a 5 mm diameter rod to be inserted, shall also allow a 12 mm diameter rod to be inserted with the parts in any position.No corresponding section4.10.2 Driving mechanisms The requirements in 4.10.2 a) and b) do not apply to driving mechanisms with insufficient power to injure fingers or other parts of the body.Driving mechanisms and winder keys shall conform to the following requirements:a) Driving mechanisms shall be so enclosed that, when tested according to 8.5 (drop test) and 8.7 (impact test), they do not expose accessible sharp edges (8.11) or sharp points (8.12) or otherwise present a hazard of crushing the fingers or other parts of the body. b) Driving mechanisms within large and bulky toys shall be so enclosed that, when tested according to 8.6 (tip over test) they do not expose accessible sharp edges (8.11) or sharp points (8.12) or otherwise present a hazard of crushing fingers or other parts of the body. c) The shape and dimensions of winder keys or starting handles shall be such that the clear space between the key or the handle and the body of the toy, if it allows a 5 mm diameter rod to be inserted shall also allow a 12 mm diameter rod to be inserted. Any holes in keys or handles shall not permit the insertion of a 5 mm diameter rod.4.15.1.5 Transmission and wheel arrangementTransmission and wheel arrangement shall conform to the following requirements: a) Propelling chains shall have, at the side where the leg of the child is nearest the chain (side A), a shield from the crank to the gear wheel and, on the opposite side (side B), a shield around the crank (see figure 7) The shield shall not have slots or holes with a width greater than 5 mm. It shall not be possible to remove the shield without the use of a tool. b) Wheels directly propelled by pedals shall not have slots or holes with a width greater than 5 mm.The requirement in c) does not apply to the friction surfaces of braking mechanisms, toy skateboards or to roller skates. c) Spaces between the wheels and the body or parts of the body (e.g. mudguards) shall, if they allow a 5 mm diameter rod to be inserted, also allow a 12 mm diameter rod to be inserted.d) Tricycles, provided with an attached handle used for pushing the child, shall be constructed in such a way as to prevent entrapment of the childs feet in the pedals etc. whilst being pushed (for example free-wheeling mechanism or foot rests).No corresponding sectionSee 4.10.2 c)4.10.4 Springs Springs shall conform to the following requirements: a) Spiral springs shall not be accessible according to 8.10 (accessibility of a part or component) if the gap between two consecutive spirals is greater than 3 mm in any position of use.The requirement in b) does not apply to springs that do not return to their original position after unloading (i.e. the elastic limit is exceeded). b) Extension helical springs shall not be accessible according to 8.10 (accessibility of a part or component) if the gap between two consecutive turns is greater than 3 mm when the spring is subjected to a tensile force of 40 N.The requirement in c) does not apply to springs that do not return to their original position after loading with a force of 40 N or to springs wound round a second component of the toy (for example a guiding rod) so that it is not possible to insert the accessibility probe A between consecutive coils by more than 5 mm. c) Compression helical springs shall not be accessible according to 8.10 (accessibility of a part or component) if the gap between two consecutive turns is greater than 3 mm at rest and the spring, when the toy is used, can be subjected to a force of 40 N or more.4.15.1.3 Stability The requirement 4.15.1.3 does not apply to: - roller skates, inline skates and toy skateboards; - toys that by their design do not have a stable base (e.g. pogo sticks, moon hoppers, scooters); - toys intended for children over 36 months, where the feet of the child can provide sideways stability (i.e. where the legs are unrestricted in their sideways motion) and where the height of the seat is such that a child of the age group for which the toy is intended can reach the ground with both feet when seated (fore and aft stability has to remain); - toys with aligned wheels (e.g. scooters). Wheels with a spacing of 150 mm or less between the centres of the outermost wheels are considered to be a single wheel.The toy, when tested according to 8.23.1 (stability, toys intended to bear the mass of a child), shall not tip over.8.23 Stability8.23.1 Toys intended to bear the mass of a child Load the toy in the most onerous position with a mass of 50 kg ± 0,5 kg on its standing or sitting surface. For toys labelled as not suitable for children over 36 months load the toy with a mass of 25 kg ± 0,2 kg.The dimensions of the load are given in figure 19.Place the toy on a 10 ± 1 slope in the most onerous position with respect to stability.Where the toy is intended to bear the mass of more than one child at a time then test every sitting or standing area simultaneously.Observe whether the toy tips over.8.21 Static strength Load the toy in the most onerous position with a mass of 50 kg ± 0,5 kg on its standing or sitting surface for 5 min. For toys labelled as not suitable for children over 36 months load the toy with a mass of 25 kg ± 0,2 kg;The dimensions of the load are given in figure 19.Where the toy is intended to bear the mass of more than one child at a time then test every sitting or standing area simultaneously.Toys which due to their design are inherently unstable (e.g. pogo sticks) shall be supported for the duration of the test.For toys where the mass of the child, by design, is distributed over various positions on the toy, distribute the prescribed load consistent with the recommended use of the toy. In this case, apply other test loads where consideration of the number of distribution points has to be made.Examine whether the toy still conforms to the relevant requirements of this standard.4.16 Heavy immobile toysHeavy immobile toys with a mass greater than 5 kg and intended to rest on the floor but not to bear the mass of a child, shall not tip over when tested according to 8.23.2 (stability, heavy immobile toys).8.23.2 Heavy immobile toys Place the toy in the most unfavourable position on a 5 ± 1 slope. Adjust any moving parts so as to produce the most unfavourable position for stability.Observe whether the toy tips over.4.14 Enclosures4.14.1 Toys which a child can enter Toys which a child can enter shall conform to the following requirements: a) Any toy having a door, lid or similar device, which encloses a continuous volume greater than 0,03 m3 and in which all internal dimensions are 150 mm or more, shall provide at least two unobstructed ventilation holes, each 650 mm² or more, situated at least 150 mm apart. The total ventilation area shall be provided when the toy is placed on the floor in any position and adjacent to two vertical plane surfaces meeting at a 90 angle, so as to simulate the corner of a room. If a permanent partition or bars (two or more) which effectively limit the continuous space by making the largest internal dimension less than 150 mm are used to subdivide a continuous space, the ventilation area shall not be required. b) For such toys, having a door, lid or similar device, it shall be possible to open the door, lid or similar device by applying a force of 50 N maximum from the inside. NOTE: This requirement notably precludes the use of buttons, zips and similar fastenings on the doors, lids or similar devices.4.14.2 Masks and helmets Masks and helmets shall conform to the following requirements: a) Masks and helmets that fully enclose the head and which are made of impermeable material shall provide a total ventilation area of 1300 mm2 minimum through at least two holes at least 150 mm apart or through any equivalent single ventilation area. b) All rigid materials that cover the face such as goggles, space helmets or face shields shall, before and after being tested according to 8.3 (torque test), 8.4 (tension test, general), 8.5 (drop test), 8.7 (impact test) and 8.8 (compression test) , not expose sharp edges (8.11), sharp points (8.12) or loose parts that could enter the eye. This also applies to toys made of rigid materials with cut out eye holes as well as toys that cover the eyes. c) Toys that are imitations of protective masks and helmets (for example motor cycle helmets, industrial safety helmets and firemens helmets) shall carry a warning (see 7.9).4.17 Projectiles 4.17.1 GeneralProjectiles and projectile toys shall conform to the following requirements: a) All rigid projectiles shall have a tip radius of not less than 2 mm. b) Resilient materials used as impact surfaces shall not become detached when tested according to 8.4.2.3 (tension test, protective components).4.17.2 Projectile toys without stored energy Projectile toys without stored energy shall conform to the following requirements: a) Projectiles in the form of darts shall have shall have blunted points or points that are protected by a resilient material (e.g. rubber) having an impact area of at least 3 cm². Points shall not be made of metal; except that darts fitted with magnetic metal discs are permitted if the disc has a minimum area of 3 cm². b) Helicopter rotors and single propellers, intended to be powered into vertical or nearly vertical free flight by a spring mechanism or similar device, shall have a ring around the perimeter in order to reduce the risk of injuries.4.17.3 Projectile toys with stored energyProjectiles propelled from a discharge mechanism shall conform to the following requirements:a) The maximum kinetic energy of projectiles, when tested according to 8.25.1 (kinetic energy of projectiles) shall not exceed 1) 0,08 J for rigid projectiles without resilient impact surfaces; 2)0,5 J for resilient projectiles or projectiles with resilient impact surfaces (e.g. rubber).b) For projectiles in the form of arrows whose maximum kinetic energy exceeds 0,08 J, their impact surfaces shall be protected by a resilient material (e.g. rubber). The maximum kinetic energy per unit area of the resilient impact surface shall not exceed 0,16 J/cm² when tested according to 8.25.1 (kinetic energy of projectiles).c) If a discharge mechanism is able to discharge an object other than that provided with the toy or a toy is capable of discharging a projectile with a kinetic energy greater than 0,08 J, the potential danger shall be drawn to the attention of the user (see 7.8).NOTE: In order to reduce the risk of eye injuries manufacturers are strongly recommended to design toys so that they are not able to discharge missiles other than those provided with the toy.4.17.4 Bows and arrowsBows offered for sale with arrows are to be considered as toys for the purposes of this standard.Arrows discharged from a bow shall comply with the following requirements: a) Points of arrows shall not b e made of metal; however points fitted with magnetic metal discs are permitted if the disc has a minimum area of 3 cm2 b) The maximum kinetic energy of arrows discharged from a bow, when tested according to 8.25.2 (kinetic energy of bows and arrows), shall not exceed the values given in 4.17.3 a). c) Arrows whose maximum kinetic energy exceeds 0,08 J, shall comply with 4.17.3 b).4.18 Aquatic toys Aquatic toys shall conform to the following requirements: a) All air inflation inlets shall have stoppers permanently attached to the toy. When the toy is inflated the stopper must be capable of being pushed into the toy so that it does not stand more than 5 mm from the surface of the toy. The stopper, if detached when tested according to 8.3 (torque test), and 8.4 (tension test, general) shall not fit entirely in the cylinder when tested according to 8.2 (small parts cylinder). b) The potential danger of using aquatic toys shall be drawn to the attention of the user (see 7.5).4.15.2 Free wheeling toy bicycles In addition to the relevant requirements in 4.15.1.2 and 4.15.1.5, free wheeling toy bicycles shall conform to the following requirements:4.15.2.1 Instructions for useFree wheeling toy bicycles shall be accompanied with assembly and maintenance instructions. The potential dangers of riding toy bicycles and precautions to be taken shall be brought to the attention of the parents or carers (see 7.16).4.15.2.2 Seat pillar minimum insertion markThe seat pillar shall have a permanent mark that indicates the minimum insertion depth of the pillar into the frame. The minimum insertion mark shall be positioned at a distance equivalent to and not less than two and a half times the diameter of the pillar from the bottom of the full diameter of the pillar and shall not affect the seat pillar strength.4.15.2.3 Braking requirementsFree wheeling toy bicycles shall be equipped with two independent braking systems, one which operates on the front wheel and one which operates on the rear wheel.For handbrakes, the brake lever dimension d measured at the midpoint B of the lever as shown in figure 8 shall not exceed 60 mm. The range of adjustment on an adjustable lever shall permit this dimension to be attained. The lever length (l) shall be 80 mm minimum.When tested according to 8.30.2 (bicycle brake performance) the toy shall not move more than 5 cm.5.7 Speed limitation of electrically driven toysElectrically driven ride-on toys shall have a maximum speed limit of 8 km/h when tested according to 8.32 (determination of speed of electrically driven ride-on toys).4.21 Toys containing a heat sourceThe following requirements do not cover burners in chemistry sets or related experimental kits and light bulbs with 2,5 W maximum and similar items. a) Toys containing a heat source shall not ignite when used at the maximum input when tested according to 8.33 (measurement of temperature rises). b) The temperature rise of all handles, knobs and similar parts which are likely to be touched by hand, when tested according to 8.33 (measurement of temperature rises), shall not exceed the following values:-parts of metal 25 K-parts of glass or porcelain 30 K-parts of plastics or wood 35 K c) The temperature rise of other accessible parts of the toy, when tested according to 8.33 (measurement of temperature rises), shall not exceed the following values: - parts of metal 45 K - parts of other materials 55 K 5.5 Liquid filled toys Upon completion of the relevant tests according to clauses 4 and 5, toys with non-accessible liquid shall be tested according to 8.15 (leakage of liquid filled toys) and there shall be no leakage of the contents nor any splitting or cracking which could lead to leakage of the contents.Liquid filled teethers shall be marked with a warning not to be placed in a freezer compartment (see 7.13).4.11 Mouth actuated toys Mouth actuated toys shall conform to the following requirements: a) Mouth actuated toys and removable mouthpieces of mouth actuated toys shall not fit entirely in the cylinder when tested according to 8.2 (small parts cylinder). b) Non-detachable mouthpieces of mouth actuated toys, if detached when tested first according to 8.9 (soaking test) and then according to 8.3 (torque test) and 8.4 (tension test, general), shall not fit entirely in the cylinder when tested according to 8.2 (small parts cylinder). c) Mouth actuated toys which contain loose components such as spheres in a whistle or reeds in a noisemaker shall not, when tested according to 8.17 (durability of mouth actuated toys), release any objects that fit entirely in the cylinder when tested according to 8.2 (small parts cylinder). d) Removable or non-detachable mouthpieces, fitted to balloons, shall conform to the requirements in items a) and b).7.11 Roller skates and toy skateboardsRoller skates and skateboards for children offered for sale as toys shall bear the warning:"Warning! Protective equipment should be worn."Moreover the instructions for use shall contain a reminder that the toy is to be used with caution, since it requires great skill, so as to avoid falls or collisions causing injury to the user and third parties. Some indication shall also be given as to recommended protective equipment (helmets, gloves, knee-pads, elbow-pads, etc.).4.19 Percussion caps specifically designed for use in toys (see C.25)Requirements for percussion caps specifically designed for use in toys shall be as given in annex A and 7.14.7.14 Percussion caps specifically designed for use in toys (see 4.19 and annex A)The packaging of percussion caps shall carry the following warning"Warning! Do not fire indoors or near eyes and ears. Do not carry caps loose in a pocket" See 8.58.6 Abuse TestingThe tests described in 8.7-8.13 are to simulate the exposure of a toy to mechanical damage throughdropping, throwing, and other actions likely to be performed by a child, which are characterized as reasonably foreseeable abuse. After testing, the toy shall be examined for mechanical hazards, such as hazardous sharp edges and points, andingestion hazards, such as small liberated components, chips, or fragments. The severity of the abuse tests described in 8.7, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, and 8.12 shall be determined according to theage group for which the test is intended. If the toy is intended for an age group that spans more than one age group according battery-operated toys. If no specific type of battery is recommended, the heaviest battery that is generally available shall be used.4.1 Material QualityToys may be made from new or reprocessed materials. If reprocessed materials are used, theymust be refined so that the level of hazardous substances conforms to the requirements of 4.3.1.No corresponding section4.7 Small ObjectsThese requirements are intended to minimize the hazards from ingestion or inhalation to childrenunder 36 months of age created by small objects.4.6.1 Toys that are intended for children under 36 months of age are subject to the requirements of 16 CFR 1501. Criteria for determining which toys are subject to these requirements are provided, in part, in 16 CFR 1500.50 and 1501 and also inAnnex A1 of this specification. The requirements of 16 CFR 1501 state, in part, that no toy including removable, liberated components, or fragments of toys) shall be small enoughwithout being compressed to fit entirely within a cylinder of the specified dimensions as shown in Fig. 7. For the purposes of this specification, fragments of toys include, but are not limitedto, pieces of flash, slivers of plastics, pieces of foam, or fine bits or shavings. Pieces of paper, fabric, yarn, fuzz, elastic, and string are excluded from this requirement.4.6.1.1 The requirements are applicable before and after useand abuse testing in accordance with Section 8 to determine the accessibility of small objects such as small toys or components of toys including eyes, squeakers, or knobs, or pieces that break off or are removed from toys.4.6.1.2 The following articles are exempt from the requirements:· balloons; · books and other paper articles;· writing materials (crayons, chalk, pencils, and pens); · phonograph records;· modeling clay and similar products; and finger-paints, water-colors, and other paint sets. A complete listing of all exemptarticles is provided in 16 CFR 1501.3.5.10 Small Objects, Small Balls, Marbles, and Balloons:5.10.1 The packages of small balls, marbles, and balloons and certain toys and games intended for children, any descriptive material that accompanies them, and, if unpackaged andunlabeled, any retail display container provided by manufacturers or importers shall carry safety labeling as shown. Such labeling is subject to the requirements for prominence and conspicuousness as contained in 16 CFR 1500.19(d).4.21 RattlesInfant rattles shall conform to the safetyrequirements as specified in 16 CFR 1510. 4.21.1 In addition to meeting the requirements of 16 CFR 1510, rigid rattles incorporating nearly spherical, hemispherical, or circular flared ends shall be designed so that such endsare not capable of entering and penetrating to the full depth of the cavity in the supplemental test fixture illustrated in Fig. 12. A rattle shall meet this requirement when tested under the forceonly of its own weight and in a noncompressed state. These requirements are applicable before and after use and abuse testing in accordance with Section 8.4.23 Squeeze ToysThese requirements are intended to address a potential impaction hazard associated with squeeze toys intended for children under the age of 18 months. These requirements are applicable before and after use and abuse testing in accordance with Section 8. 4.23.1 Squeeze toys shall conform to the dimensional requirements for rattles as specified in 16 CFR 1510. Illustrations of a rattle test fixture are presented in Fig. 11. A squeeze toy shall meet these requirements when tested under the force only of its own weight and in a noncompressed state.4.23.2 In addition, squeeze toys incorporating nearly spherical, hemispherical, or circular flared ends shall be designed so that such ends are not capable of entering and penetrating to the full depth of the cavity in the supplemental test fixture shown in Fig. 12. A squeeze toy shall meet these requirements when tested under the force only of its own weight and in a noncompressed state.4.24 Teethers and Teething Toys These requirements areintended to address a potential impaction hazard associated with teethers. For the purposes of these requirements, a teether is defined as any device that by design, construction, instructionsfor use, or packaging copy or graphics, or combination thereof, is understood by the general population to be intended primarily for the symptomatic relief of infants’ teething discomfort.These requirements are applicable before and after use and abuse testing in accordance with Section 8.4.24.1 Teethers and teething toys shall conform to the dimensional requirements for infant rattles as specified in 16 CFR 1510. Illustrations of a rattle test fixture are shown in Fig.11. A teether shall meet this requirement when tested under theforce only of its own weight and in a noncompressed state.4.24.2 In addition, teethers and teething toys incorporating nearly spherical, hemispherical, or circular flared ends shall be designed so that such ends are not capable of entering andpenetrating to the full depth of the cavity in the supplemental test fixture shown in Fig. 12. A teether shall meet this requirement when tested under the force only of its own weight and in a noncompressed state.4.24.3 ExclusionThe requirements of 4.24.1 and 4.24.2 shall not apply to teething toys that are composed of liquid-filled beads that are attached to form a ring or beads that are threaded on a flexible cord or string.4.35 Balls:4.35.1 Balls intended for children under 36 months of age are subject to the requirements of 16 CFR 1500.18 (a)(17). A loose ball in toys intended for children under 36 months of ageshall not, under the influence of its own weight and without compression, pass entirely through the template shown in Fig. 14. A ball which does pass through the template is determined to be a “small ball.”4.35.2 Toys intended for children at least 3 years old but less than 8 years of age that contain a loose small ball are subject to the requirements of 16 CFR 1500.19. Applicable labeling statements are contained in 5.10.3 of this specification.4.37 PompomsThese requirements are intended to ad-dresschoking hazards associated with pompoms on toys intended for children under three years of age that detach during 8.17. Pompoms detached during 8.17 must not pass entirely through the 1.75-in. (44.5-mm) test fixture (see Fig.14) under their own weight. Any components, pieces, or individual strands of the pompom that are liberated during the torque and tension tests should not be subject to this test. Test the pompoms by putting the free ends of fiber into the gage.4.36 Preschool Play FiguresThis requirement is intended to address the potential choking/obstruction hazard associatedwith certain preschool figures intended for children under three 15.years of age. The characteristics that distinguish toy figuresfalling within the scope of this requirement include: (1)a round, spherical, or hemispherical end with tapered neck attached to a simple cylindrical shape without appendages and(2) an overall length not exceeding 2.5 in. (64 mm) (see examples in Fig. 15). This includes figures with added or molded features such as hats or hair, which retain the rounded shape of the end. Soft play figures made of textiles are not subject to this requirement.4.36.1 Preschool play figures intended for children under three years of age shall be designed so that their rounded ends are not capable of entering and penetrating to the full depth of the cavity in the Supplemental Test Fixture illustrated in Fig.12. Test the play figure under the force of its own weight.4.22.2 Toy pacifiers attached to, or sold with, toys intended for children under 36 months of age shall either conform to the requirements of 16 CFR 1511 or shall have a nipple length no longer than 0.63 in. (16 mm) and comply with the requirements outlined in 4.6.1 of this specification (small objects). This measurement shall be taken from the nipple side of the shield to the end of the nipple.4.33 BalloonsPackages containing latex balloons and toys or games containing latex balloons shall comply with the labeling requirements of 16 CFR 1500.19. Labeling statements for balloons are contained in 5.10.5 of this specification.4.34 MarblesMarbles shall comply with the labeling requirements of 16 CFR 1500.19. Labeling statements for marbles are contained in 5.10.4 of this specification.4.8 Accessible EdgesToys shall not have accessible, potentiallyhazardous sharp edges. Toys that are intended to be assembled by an adult, and may contain unprotected potentially hazardous sharp edges in the unassembled state, shall be labeled in accordance with 5.9.4.7.1 Potentially hazardous sharp metal and glass edges are defined in 16 CFR 1500.49. Toys intended for use by children under 8 years of age are subject to this requirement before or after use and abuse testing, or both, as specified in 8.5-8.10. An illustration of a sharp edge tester is shown in Fig. 8.4.7.2 Toys containing potentially hazardous edges that are a necessary part of the function of a toy shall carry cautionary labeling as specified in 5.2 if the toy is intended for use by children from 48 to 96 months. Toys intended for children agedless than 48 months shall not have accessible hazardous functional sharp edges.4.7.3 Metal ToysAccessible metal edges, including holes and slots, shall be free of hazardous burrs and feathering, orshall be hemmed, rolled, or curled, or shall be covered with a permanently affixed device or finish.NOTE 2—Regardless of the manner in which edges are finished, they are subject to the sharp edge technical requirements as described in 4.7.1.If a device is used to protect an edge, it shall not become detached after being tested in accordance with the appropriate procedures described in 8.5-8.10.4.7.4 Molded ToysAccessible edges, corners, or mold parting areas of molded toys should be free of hazardous edgesproduced by burrs and flash or so protected that hazardous edges are not exposed.4.7.5 Exposed Bolts or Threaded RodsIf the ends of bolts or threaded rods are accessible, the thread shall be free ofexposed, hazardous sharp edges and burrs, or the ends shall be covered by smooth finish caps so that hazardous sharp edges and burrs will not be exposed. Any caps that are used shall besubjected to the compression test noted in 8.10, regardless of whether the cap is accessible to flat-surface contact during the appropriate impact test(s) described in 8.7. Protective caps shall also be subjected to the tension test in 8.9 and the torque test in 8.8.4.9 Accessible PointsToys shall not have accessible, potentiallyhazardous sharp points that may occur because of the following: configuration of the toy; assembly devices such as wires, pins, nails, and staples that are fastened poorly; poorly sheared sheet metal; burrs on screws; and splintered wood.Toys that are intended to be assembled by an adult and may contain potentially hazardous sharp points in the unassembled state shall be labeled in accordance with 5.9.4.8.1 Potentially hazardous sharp points are defined by 16 CFR 1500.48. Toys intended for use by children under 8 years of age are subject to this requirement before or after use andabuse testing, or both, as specified in 8.5-8.10. An illustration of a sharp-point tester is shown in Fig. 9.4.8.2 Toys in which an accessible, potentially hazardous sharp point is a necessary function of the toy, such as a needle in a sewing kit, shall carry cautionary labeling as specified in 5.2, if the toy is intended for children from 48 to 96 monthsold. Toys intended for children less than 48 months old shall not have accessible hazardous functional points.4.8.3 WoodThe accessible surfaces and edges of woodused in toys shall be free of splinters, both before and after being tested in accordance with the appropriate procedures described in 8.5-8.10.4.9 ProjectionsThis requirement relates to potentially hazardous projections in toys intended for use by childrenunder 8 years of age. This requirement is intended to minimize possible puncture hazards to the skin that might be caused should a child fall on a rigid projection, such as unprotected ends of axles, actuating levers, and decorative features. Due to the extremely sensitive nature of the eyes and interior of the mouth, this requirement will not, nor is it intended to, provide protection to those areas of the body. If a projection appears topresent a potential skin puncture hazard, the projection shall be protected by suitable means, such as by turning back the end of a wire or by affixing a smoothly finished protective cap orcover, which effectively increases the surface area for potential contact with the skin. The toy shall meet this requirement both before and after testing in accordance with 8.5-8.10.4.11 Wires or RodsWires or rods used in the interior of toys shall h